The short answer is… A Lot!
Recent studies have now documented that autoimmunity is NOT the first trigger of T1D.  Instead,  beta cells are being shown to malfunction first, from lack of critical nutrients, lack of protective antioxidants and excess free radicals. Only at this point do autoimmune antibodies form such as GAD65, but only attack defective beta cells   What’s even more exciting, scientists are discovering dozens of environmental factors that cause beta cells to malfunction.  They have also discovered dietary nutrients called “polyphenols” are able to regenerate new beta cells an much more.